A summary condenses information from a source; a paraphrase conveys the information using roughly the same number of words as the original source. When you summarize or paraphrase, you must name the source and restate the source's meaning in your own words.
Half copying the author's sentences by using the author's phrases in your own sentence without quotation marks or by plugging synonyms int the author's sentence structure is a form of plagiarism.
Even borrowing just a few words from an author without clearly indicating that you did so constitutes plagiarism. Moreover, you can plagiarize unintentionally; in hastily taken notes, it is easy to mistake a phrase copied from a source as your original thought and then to use it without crediting the source.
Imagine, for example, that you read the following passage in the course of your research (from Michael Agar’s book Language Shock):
Everyone uses the word language and everybody these days talks about culture. . . . “Languaculture” is a reminder, I hope, of the necessary connection between its two parts. . . .
If you wrote the following sentence, it would constitute plagiarism:
At the intersection of language and culture lies a concept that we might call “languaculture.”
This sentence borrows a word from Agar’s work without giving credit for it. Placing the term in quotation marks is insufficient. If you use the term, you must give credit to its source:
At the intersection of language and culture lies a concept that Michael Agar has called “languaculture” (60).
In this version, a reference to the original author and a parenthetical citation indicate the source of the term; a corresponding entry in your list of works cited will give your reader full information about the source.
Using Block Quotes
When quoting dialogue from a novel, set the quotation off from your text as a block if each character’s speech starts on a new line in the source. Indent the extract half an inch from the left margin, as you would any block quotation. If a character’s speech runs onto a new line, as it does below, indent each line of dialogue an additional half an inch. Use double quotation marks around the spoken words:
Early in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, Miss Baker tells the narrator, Nick Carraway, that she knows someone from his town:
“You live in West Egg,” she remarked contemptuously. “I know somebody there.”
“I don’t know a single–”
“You must know Gatsby.”
“Gatsby?” demanded Daisy. “What Gatsby?” (11)
Work Cited
Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. Scribner, 1953.
Citing
For quotations that are more than four lines of prose or three lines of verse, place quotations in a free-standing block of text and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote indented ½ inch from the left margin while maintaining double-spacing.
For example,
Rules for Long Quotations
There are 4 rules that apply to long quotations that are different from regular quotations:
Example of a Long Quotation
At the end of Lord of the Flies, the boys are struck with the
realization of their behaviour:
The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them
now for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that
seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke
before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion,
the other little boys began to shake and sob too. (Golding 186)
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